Counterparts

In “Counterparts,” James Joyce approaches character development through the techniques of modernism. On the surface, Farrington is a disgraceful figure, yet because of Joyce’s styling, a more complete depiction of him evolves. The devices of stream of consciousness and realism put an emphasis on the struggles of the individual. The result is a social commentary that criticizes the institutions that emasculate Irish men and lead them to unfulfilled lives bereft of opportunities, which drives them toward addiction and violence. The symbol of the circle creates cyclical movement in the story that serves to highlight Farrington’s entrapment. As an unremarkable man, Farrington’s plight stands as a cultural phenomenon rather than an anomaly.

Farrington is middle-aged and walks with a “heavy step” when summoned by his boss. He is not a young man who is eager to make a name for himself in his employment, but one who has put in many years and grudgingly carries out his duties. In fact, Farrington finds it difficult to concentrate on Mr. Alleyne’s tirade as his thoughts drift toward his desire to physically harm his boss and his need for alcohol: “[He] stared fixedly at the polished skull which directed the affairs of Crosbie and Alleyne, gauging its fragility.